
Ingrown toenails, medically referred to as onychocryptosis, are a common and often painful condition where the edge of a toenail grows into the surrounding skin. This issue can lead to discomfort, inflammation, and even infection if left untreated. Understanding why ingrown toenails develop and how to prevent them can greatly reduce the occurrence and impact of this condition.
Causes of Ingrown Toenails
Several factors can contribute to the development of ingrown toenails, from genetic predispositions to external factors like footwear and grooming habits. Below are some of the primary reasons why ingrown toenails occur:
1. Incorrect Nail Trimming Techniques
One of the most common causes of ingrown toenails is improper nail trimming. Cutting toenails too short or rounding the corners can encourage the edges of the nail to grow into the skin. Ideally, toenails should be trimmed straight across and not too close to the skin to allow for natural growth.
2. Tight or Ill-Fitting Footwear
Wearing shoes that are too tight or narrow, particularly around the toes, places pressure on the toenails and surrounding skin. This pressure can push the nail edges into the skin, especially on the big toe, where ingrown nails are most common. Choosing well-fitting shoes with adequate room for toe movement can help prevent this issue.
3. Foot Trauma
Accidents or repeated trauma to the toes—such as dropping heavy objects on the foot or repeated activities that impact the toe area, like running or dancing—can contribute to nail deformities. Trauma may alter the nail’s growth direction, making it more likely to grow into the skin.
4. Genetic Predisposition
Some people may have a genetic predisposition to developing ingrown toenails. Factors such as the natural curvature of the nail and the shape of the toe can be inherited and may increase the likelihood of ingrown toenails developing over time.
5. Poor Foot Hygiene
Failing to maintain proper foot hygiene can exacerbate the risk of ingrown toenails. Dead skin cells and debris can accumulate around the toenails, which can encourage nails to grow improperly. Regularly cleaning and exfoliating the feet can help prevent the buildup of dead skin and minimise the risk.
6. Sweaty Feet
Excessive sweating creates a moist environment that softens the nail and skin around it, making the nail more susceptible to bending or breaking. This softened skin is also more easily pierced, increasing the risk of the nail growing into it, especially during physical activity.
7. Nail Infections and Fungal Conditions
Certain infections and fungal conditions can change the shape and texture of the toenail, causing it to become thicker or more brittle. This makes it more challenging to trim properly and can cause the nail to grow in irregular directions, potentially leading to ingrowth.
8. Structural Abnormalities
Individuals with foot structure issues, such as flat feet, bunions, or hammertoes, may be more prone to developing ingrown toenails. These conditions can cause uneven distribution of weight on the toes, increasing pressure on certain parts of the nail and encouraging abnormal growth patterns.
Symptoms of Ingrown Toenails
Knowing the symptoms of an ingrown toenail can help identify the condition early and address it before complications develop. Common symptoms include:
- Pain and tenderness around the nail
- Redness and swelling at the edge of the nail
- Inflammation of the surrounding skin
- Formation of pus if an infection develops
- Bleeding in severe cases or if the ingrown nail is left untreated
If an ingrown toenail becomes infected, it may require medical attention to prevent complications.
Prevention Strategies for Ingrown Toenails
While some causes of ingrown toenails, like genetics, cannot be changed, there are preventive measures you can take to minimise the risk.
1. Practice Proper Nail Care
Always cut toenails straight across and avoid trimming them too short. This prevents the nail edges from embedding into the surrounding skin. Regularly inspecting and maintaining nail care can help ensure healthy nail growth.
2. Choose Comfortable Footwear
Select shoes that allow ample space for the toes to move freely. Avoid high heels and shoes with narrow toe boxes, as they can increase pressure on the toenails. For people involved in physical activities, sports shoes designed to protect the toes can be especially beneficial.
3. Maintain Good Foot Hygiene
Keeping feet clean and dry is crucial for overall foot health. Regularly washing, drying, and exfoliating your feet helps remove dead skin and debris, creating a clean environment that supports healthy nail growth.
4. Wear Breathable Socks
Socks made from breathable materials, such as cotton, can help absorb moisture, reducing the risk of excess sweat and softened skin around the toenail. For people with particularly sweaty feet, changing socks frequently can also help.
5. Avoid Trauma to the Toes
Be mindful of activities that could injure your toes. Wearing protective footwear during heavy-duty work or while handling heavy objects is especially important to prevent accidents.
6. Address Foot Deformities or Abnormalities
Consult a podiatrist Canberra if you have structural issues, such as flat feet or bunions, that may contribute to ingrown toenails. Custom orthotics or specialised footwear may help alleviate pressure on the toes and promote proper nail growth.
Treatment Options for Ingrown Toenails
If an ingrown toenail develops, several ingrown toenail treatment methods are available, depending on the severity of the condition:
1. At-Home Remedies
For mild cases, soaking the affected foot in warm, soapy water several times a day can reduce inflammation and soften the skin. Gently lifting the nail and placing a small piece of cotton under the ingrown edge may encourage the nail to grow outward rather than into the skin. However, this should be done carefully to avoid further injury.
2. Antibiotic Treatment
If an infection is present, over-the-counter or prescribed topical antibiotics can help manage the infection. A healthcare provider may also recommend oral antibiotics for more serious infections.
3. Partial or Total Nail Removal
In severe or recurrent cases, a Braddon podiatrist may perform partial or total nail removal. This minor surgical procedure removes the ingrown section or, in extreme cases, the entire nail. When necessary, a small portion of the nail bed can also be removed to prevent regrowth in that area.
4. Matrixectomy
For chronic or severely painful cases, a matrixectomy may be recommended. This procedure involves removing or chemically treating part of the nail matrix to prevent that portion of the nail from regrowing. This is typically a last-resort treatment when other methods are ineffective.
Conclusion
Understanding the causes of ingrown toenails is essential to prevent them. By practising good nail care, choosing the right footwear, and paying attention to foot hygiene, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing this painful condition. If an ingrown toenail does occur, it’s important to address it early to prevent complications such as infection. For persistent or severe cases, consulting a podiatrist can provide effective treatment options, ensuring that you maintain good foot health and avoid the recurrence of ingrown toenails.